reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf
albia, iowa arrestsTherefore, the adoption of a federal political framework in Nigeria was a necessity as the system was the only viable option for a multi-ethnic country like Nigeria. Indeed, whatever scholarly connotations they bear, one strongly believes that they all enjoy one clear focus. It is important to also reason that small states are prone to domination and sometimes control by the big ones. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. or this it really helped me, Your email address will not be published. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. If the desire to remain separate does not exist, the the association will not be federal but unitary with some delegation of powers to local government. Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting . This notwithstanding, the concept of federalism boasts of a very popular definition by an American scholar, K.C. Federalism shares power between the central and regional governments; thus promoting efficiency in service delivery and governance. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. Nigeria. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. This book was released on 2022-09-16 with total page 197 pages. Federalism is a method of segregating powers so that the central and local governments are each within a domain, harmonizing and autonomous. of diversities helps in a nations decision to adopt the aggregative or disaggregative type of federalism. Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. READ ALSO: Reasons for political apathy in Nigeria, Get the hottest stories from the largest news site in Nigeria. Is there high propensity or likelihood of exclusion, marginalization and relative deprivation, which was to engender obsessive mutual antagonism? Your email address will not be published. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. /F7 24 0 R All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. . Historical experience 3.2 2. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Other specific reasons for the increasing demand for decentralisation are: Central governments increasingly are finding that it is impossible for them to . (eds. We hope to seeing you again on other posts of interest. And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. You are welcome dear reader. The possible reasons for the practice of federalism in Nigeria are several, and have, for instance, been presented as British imposition targeted at a post-colonial relationship, or as a. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. << Best information base for latest information both national and international. Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. In a unitary constitution which opposes federal principles, everything belongs to the central government; the federating unit does not exist, let alone agitating for resource control. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? << Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . Your email address will not be published. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. /F6 21 0 R /Font << Asst. /F3 12 0 R Unity of the country: 3.3 3. Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. The political parties involved in the first republic were more formed on a regional basis. 19 more states were created in 1976 in order to score more political advantage by the Murtala-Obasanjo regime against those that favor General Yakubu Gowon. /Subtype /Image June 1,2022 >> Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Unfortunately, since the formation of Nigeria and adoption of this system of governance in the country has not seen much effect of federalism. Federalism will shape the long-term health and economic impacts of COVID-19, including plans for the future, for at least two reasons: First, federalism exacerbates inequities, as some states have a history of underinvesting in social programs, especially in certain communities. Pls visit us again dear reader. It also decided that the Public . Federalism was implemented in Nigeria as way back as 1946 during the British colonial era. And even now we can see the population of Nigeria compared to other countries in Africa. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. stream Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria include: 1. REVENUE ALLOCATION IN NIGERIA: NEED FOR REFORM? %PDF-1.5 That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. Economic factors in adoption of federalism in Nigeria are not unconnected with the issues of resource control, wealth generation and redistribution, and income distribution. This paper recommends that there should be an overhaul of the political system through constitutional amendment process to expunge provisions that negate federalism and provide for implementation of true federalism. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. The military were able to create more states because military decrees do not pass the same rigorous method bills pass in a democratic government. Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. was federalism friendly and that gave rise to easy adoption of . What are the reasons Nigeria adopted the Federalism system of government in Nigeria? This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively). READ ALSO: History of democracy in Nigeria from 1960. No doubt, the Ethnic, Religious and Geographical nature of Nigeria also contributed to the reason why federalism was adopted. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. This feature of federalism is widely believed to be a veritable framework for even and need-sensitive development. Take for example, in the Nigerian case of Attorney General of Federation v Attorney General of Abia and others (2002) 3 NCLR 1ar p 54, the issue of resource control in a true federalism was the bone of contention in that matter. %PDF-1.5 Therefore, the problem with federalism in Nigeria is the mix-application or non-application of this clause especially as it has to do with power distribution (Awa, 1977). Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Introduction In a statement on the 2015 Nigerian General Elections the Freedom House (2015a) congratulated Nigerians for an election that appears to be one of the smoothest and least violent in Nigeria's Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. stream . Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. I love this article,very educating and interesting INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. This helped to solve the problem of marginalization in the leadership. 3 Reasons for federal system of government in Nigeria 3.1 1. Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance, Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria, How To Calculate OAU Aggregate Score for Admission, Best Education Websites and Blogs In Nigeria (2021), Lakzeland Regional High School Board Of Education, Student Loan Planning Educational Webinar With Justin Rice, Is Agricultural Chemicals a Good Career Path? The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . Excellent, thanks a lot f Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. British North American colonies unite 3 Up to 1867, the colonies 4 of British North America had no political or geographical links. % Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. As a Nigerian, it is important to understand some basic things about the system of governance in Nigeria and why it is so. The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. Federalism in India. Prof. Jan Robert Go of the Department of Political Science, UP Diliman. Notwithstanding the above reasons for the adoption of Nigerian federalism, we can also mention some specific factors peculiar to Nigeria. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. It is also an undisputed fact that the Hausas and Yorubas fought Biafra to keep the unity of Nigeria. To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. 2. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. The Plural nature of Nigeria. All rights reserved. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. s" Federal System of Government/Federalism | Week 8. >> By the time Nigeria got her independence, the various party involved had been regionally based. There may be no point, of course, boring ones moment with such lengthy activity of working out their conceptual nuances. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. The powers that exist between the federal and state government also depends on the constitution. /ColorSpace /DeviceRGB +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . /Width 371 Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. In developing countries like India, Iraq and Nigeria, federalism has either failed to close developmental gaps and ethno-communal tensions among various states or, more worryingly, in some. The Hausa Fulani and the Minorities feared the domination of political powers by the Igbos and Yorubas. The governmental powers are shared between the federal government and the thirty-six state governments. This is because most of the power (financial and. << Here, the Attorney General of the Federation Instituted the case to test the true position so that the federal government would be guided on the varying issues of derivation formula. Pillars of democracy: 7 Essential pillars of democracy. In many countries of the world, federalism has emerged as a means of accommodating the growing desire of people to preserve or revive the intimacy of small societies and the growing necessity for larger combinations to mobilize the utilization of common resources. >> Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. As a result of this, it has brought about the cry of the minorities clamoring for their own state. ), Constitutionalism, Constitution Making and Constitutional Reform in Africa: Contemporary Perspectives from Sub-Saharan Africa, Chapter IX: The politics and policies of oil deregulation in Nigeria: Implications and policy suggestions. At the heart of these crises are weak democratic institutions, which are sustained by bad leadership and a culture of impunity. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? /Type /XObject Common national, racial, religious, cultural linguistic or social ties have often contributed to the unification of political unit. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. However, that is not so in a federal government system. Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. This is another reason for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. As I have already explained, Nigeria is an amalgamation of three different regions with beliefs and customs. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. This post will give you some insight into why federalism was adopted as the system of governance in Nigeria. 7 Topics . To know more about various aspects of federalism in Nigeria ,you may read from . The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. endobj Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Roxy Horner biography: who is Jack Whitehalls girlfriend? Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. To make mortgage industry standards more flexible and modernized, the proposed rule would remove the requirement that lenders and mortgagees register with HUD each branch office . The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. This marginalization is evinced by untold hardships such as poverty, lack of infrastructure for health care and education, and generally impaired wellbeing. Federalism is a defined or is said to be the system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere coordinate and are independent. There are Benin and Togo in between Ghana and Nigeria, two of the former British African colonies. Your email address will not be published. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ >> It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Therefore, striking an acceptable delicate balance between these two divides, has, time and again, become a well known problematic world over. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. 6 0 obj document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Reasons for the Adoption of Federalism in Nigeria. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . The calls for restructuring have been louder particularly from the southern part of Nigeria. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century.