festinger and carlsmith experiment quizlet

June 22, 2015 & JANIS, I.L. New York: Harper & Row. Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. The Ss were given a very good reason, in addition to being paid, for saying what they did to the waiting girl. It was explained to them that the Department of Psychology is conducting the study and they are therefore required to serve in the experiments. In the . In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. As shown in Ashes experiment, conforming to the majority happens more often than people think. /ImageC endobj 90 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<20DCF6A9F66A934D9B18D4D3D2546E7A><7EBEFA77420BBC4EB7D76A22531484C2>]/Index[80 30]/Info 79 0 R/Length 66/Prev 129900/Root 81 0 R/Size 110/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream He hoped to exhibit cognitive dissonance in an experiment which was cleverly disguised as a performance experiment. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. The S worked at this task for another half hour. A police officer comes to Jane's office to discuss personal safety with the employees there. When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. startxref In Asian cultures, people tend to explain the behavior of others as a result of______. 0 /Parent 45 0 R Abused children grow up to become abusers about one third of the time. In the famous Festinger experiment, participants were paid either $1 or $20 to lie to a woman in the waiting room about how interesting the task really was. Write to Dr. Dewey at psywww@gmail.com. Actually this finding by Kelman is consistent with the theory we will outline below but, for a number of reasons is not conclusive. Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. /L 680077 It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. The text in this article is licensed under the Creative Commons-License Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. moderate; information about how to prevent the fearful consequences. In Latane and Darley's classic 1969 study, they found that____ of the participants reported the smoke in the room when the two confederates in the room noticed the smoke but then ignored it. (Goleman, 1991). Psych Web has over 1,000 pages, so it may be elsewhere on the site. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" This question was included because there was a chance that differences might emerge. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. KELMAN, H. Attitude change as a function of response restriction Hum. What are some practical implications of cognitive dissonance theory? The mean ratings for the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions, averaging the ratings of the two independent raters, are presented in Table 2. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. correct. Half of them were offered $1 to do the job, while the remaining half was offered $20. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. (Boulding, 1969). Sarah found her soul mate, Jon, when she moved to a small town in Florida. Relat., 1953, 6, 185-214. The stove is too large to be moved out of his way, so he has to learn not to touch it -even when Martha isn't looking. 49 0 obj What is the Sacrifice Trap? Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? All Ss, without exception, were quite willing to return the money. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. endobj How are these 100 people likely to respond? From our point of view the experiment had hardly started. One of the major weaknesses of the data is that not all subjects in the experiment made an overt statement contrary to their private opinion in order to obtain the offered reward. Add to folder We will have more to say concerning this explanation in discussing the results of our experiment. This is an example of which rule of attraction? One side argued that football was good for a university, the other side argued that it was harmful. endstream endobj startxref 52 0 obj Thus, with self-selection of who did and who did not make the required overt statement and with varying percentages of subjects in the different conditions who did make the requsted statement, no interpretation of the data can be unequivocal. One S (in the One Dollar condition), immediately after having talked to the girl, demanded her phone number saying he would call her and explain things, and also told the E he wanted to wait until she was finished so he could tell her about it. But Nicole's mom was so excited, Nicole couldn't bear to disappoint her. The ratings were of course done in ignorance of which condition each S was in. 0000010660 00000 n When experimenters asked later for the truth, the highly paid subjects said the experiment was actually boring. Most of our subjects tell us afterward that they found it quite interesting You get a chance to see how you react to the tasks and so forth." $20 in the 1950s was equivalent to over $100 now. Cheryl's co-worker also got a bad grade on a test, which Cheryl attributes to her co-worker's laziness. According to the text, which of the following has not been studied as a cause of aggressive behavior? Would the subject say that the experiment as he had experienced it was actually likely to measure Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. Maria's fellow professor asked her to teach an honors class in the spring. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". According to Sternberg, married (committed) people who also have intimacy and passion are in the form of love called______love. _____ is the attitude about members of a particular social group and _____ is the behavior that can result from that attitude. hbbd``b` H? When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. endstream In a classic piece of cognitive dissonance research, researchers assigned students to different sides of a debate about the merits of college football. Their data, however, are not included in the analysis. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. Festinger and Carlsmith further concluded, based off the the control group, that those who were only paid $1 felt that they were forcing themselves to explain how "enjoyable" of a task this was when in reality it was not. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. Toni sees a picture of the new international exchange student and notices that the student looks happy, so Toni automatically assumes that he is also friendly. They asked the participants to execute boring tasks, such as The results were surprising to Festinger. They were told that the study aims to evaluate these experiments to help them improve these in the future. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Sign in|Recent Site Activity|Report Abuse|Print Page|Powered By Google Sites. His data, however did not support this idea. Let us review these briefly: 1. The defendant was not very well spoken and came from a very poor background, but Sandy listened carefully to the evidence presented and made her decision based on that. In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. Hoffer, E. (1951) The True Believer. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. Hence, the alternative explanation discussed above cannot account for the findings. In Asch's black line experiment, participants. The favor was to take the place of the research assistant, who was supposed to prepare subjects for the experiment by giving them a positive attitude toward it. In this condition, the average rating was +1.35, considerably on the positive side and significantly different from the Control condition at the .02 level[2] (t = 2.48). (p.47). When the interview was over, the interviewer brought the S back to the experimental room where the E was waiting together with the girl who had posed as the waiting S. (In the control condition, of course, the girl was not there.) While watching the TV game show Jeopardy, your roommate says, "The game show host, Alex Trebek, knows all the answers. >> According to Sternberg's theory, when intimacy and passion are combined the result is _____, which is often the basis for a more lasting relationship. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. New York Times, p.C1. Group B was given introduction by an experimenter, presenting the tasks in an interesting and enjoyable tone. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. The resulting dissonance could, of course, most directly be reduced by persuading themselves that the tasks were, indeed, interesting and enjoyable. Cognitive dissonance is at the heart of this insidious prejudice, write Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia. 47 0 obj As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Three other participants declined the offer and another one, though he gave the girl a positive briefing, he asked for the girl's number afterwards so he can, according to him, explain to her further what the study is about. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Their research suggested to them that if the laws changed first, forcing a change in behavior, the attitudes would follow along later. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. To achieve consonance, something has to give. They were urged to cooperate in these interviews by being completely and honest. The content of what the S said before the girl made the remark that her friend told her it was boring. Some have already been discussed. 109 0 obj <>stream The researchers further concluded, with the help of the said results, that with $1, participants found no significant justification thus the occurrence of cognitive dissonance. 80 0 obj <> endobj What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Her improved performance is an example of. Oct. 2011. The people who were paid $1 rated the task as more enjoyable because they had no ample justification for lying, so they convinced themselves that the task was fun and rated it as fun. On the other hand, the ones who were paid $20, apparently had the money as their primary justification for carrying out their task. Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness.

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